Spinoza

Baruch or Benedictus or Bento (de) Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch rationalist philosopher with Portuguese Jewish roots. His most famous work was Ethics, which was published posthumously.

Spinoza ran afoul of the Jewish community because his monistic metaphysics identifies God with Nature. Spinoza's God is not the Christian creator of the universe, "but Nature itself, understood as an infinite, necessary, and fully deterministic system of which humans are a part."

Links: Refutation of Spinoza by Leibniz : The Ethics : A Theologico-Political Treatise : Benedict De Spinoza : Baruch Spinoza : Spinoza's Psychological Theory : Spinoza e-books :

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